2017 AAPM Annual Meeting
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Session Title: US Guided Systems for Brachytherapy
Question 1: Which of the following are limitations of 2D ultrasound imaging?
Reference:Fenster A, Downey D, Cardinal N. Three Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging. Physics in Medicine and Biology 46(5): R67-R99, 2001; Hrinivich WT, Hoover DA, Surry K, Edirisinghe C, Montreuil J, D’Souza D, Fenster A, Wong E. Three-dimensional transrectal ultrasound guided high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy: a comparison of needle segmentation accuracy with two-dimensional image guidance. Brachytherapy. Brachytherapy 15(2): 231-239, Mar-Apr. 2016.
Choice A:2D ultrasound does not provide an image parallel to the skin.
Choice B:Measurements of volume can be estimated with 2D ultrasound but the measurement is not accurate.
Choice C:Monitoring of changes in a tumor is possible with 2D ultrasound, but any measurements are susceptible to high variability due to inaccurate repositioning of the transducer.
Choice D:All of a, b and c.
Choice E:None of a, b, c and d.
Question 2: Generation of a 3D ultrasound image using a mechanism external to the ultrasound transducer involves scanning the transducer and reconstructing the acquired 2D ultrasound images. How long does the scan take and how long does it take to reconstruct a 3D ultrasound image using the acquired 2D ultrasound images?
Reference:Fenster A, Downey D, Cardinal N. Three Dimensional Ultrasound Imaging. Physics in Medicine and Biology 46(5): R67-R99, 2001; Hrinivich WT, Hoover DA, Surry K, Edirisinghe C, Montreuil J, D’Souza D, Fenster A, Wong E. Three-dimensional transrectal ultrasound guided high-dose-rate prostate brachytherapy: a comparison of needle segmentation accuracy with two-dimensional image guidance. Brachytherapy. Brachytherapy 15(2): 231-239, Mar-Apr. 2016.
Choice A:Both scan and reconstruction take less than 1 second.
Choice B:The scan takes about 5-25 seconds depending on the number of 2D ultrasound images are acquired, and the 3D reconstruction takes an addition 5-25 seconds.
Choice C:The scan takes about 5-25 seconds depending on the number of 2D ultrasound images acquired, and the 3D reconstruction is available immediately after the scan has completed.
Choice D:The scan takes less than 1 second, and the 3D reconstruction takes an addition 5-25 seconds depending on the number of 2D ultrasound images acquired.
Question 3: Which of the following images give the most authentic prostate volume for prostate cancer HDR brachytherapy?
Reference:Yang X, Rossi P, Ogunleye T, Marcus D, Jani A, Mao H, Curran W and Liu T, "Prostate CT segmentation method based on nonrigid registration in ultrasound-guided CT-based HDR prostate brachytherapy", Medical Physics. 41(11): 111915, 2014.
Choice A:Diagnosis MRI image.
Choice B:Post-operative planning CT image.
Choice C:Intraoperative ultrasound image.
Choice D:A and C.
Choice E:B and C.
Question 4: Which of the following are correct about ultrasound imaging?
Reference:Western C, Hristov D, and Schlosser J. "Ultrasound Imaging in Radiation Therapy: From Interfractional to Intrafractional Guidance", Cureus, 7(6): e280, 2015.
Choice A:The image resolution of ultrasound image is much lower than those of clinical MRI and CT.
Choice B:Ultrasound can provide functional imaging to monitor tumor response and normal tissue toxicity after radiotherapy.
Choice C:Except ultrasound-guided brachytherapy, ultrasound imaging cannot be used to guide external beam radiation therapy, such as stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).
Choice D:Only A and C.
Choice E:All of A, B and C.
Question 5: What is currently the main use of ultrasound imaging in GYN brachytherapy?
Reference:Viswanathan, A. N., B. Thomadsen, C. American Brachytherapy Society Cervical Cancer Recommendations and S. American Brachytherapy (2012). "American Brachytherapy Society consensus guidelines for locally advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Part I: general principles." Brachytherapy 11(1): 33-46
Choice A:Volume definition.
Choice B:Treatment planning.
Choice C:Applicator insertion to minimized perforation.
Choice D:None of the above.
Question 6: For which of the following sites is ultrasound used in radiology and could be of benefit in brachytherapy?
Reference:This lecture; Neshat, H., Cool, D. W., Barker, K., Gardi, L., Kakani, N. and Fenster, A. (2013), A 3D ultrasound scanning system for image guided liver interventions. Med. Phys. 40, 112903. doi:10.1118/1.4824326
Choice A:Brain brachytherapy.
Choice B:Liver brachytherapy.
Choice C:Surface skin brachytherapy.
Choice D:None of the above.
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